Ministry for development of information technologies and communications of the republic of Uzbekistan

Challenges in developing mobile services and applications are multifold. There is a great variety of mobile standards, operating systems on different devices. Often unfortunately, one application can work on one cell phone very well, while it does not work on the other. The two main challenges that mobile landscape presents can be pointed down to device fragmentation and operating system fragmentation. Fragmentation is the inability to "write once and run anywhere". More formally, it is the inability to develop an application against a reference operating context (OC) and achieve the intended behavior in all OCs suitable for the application. Fragmentation affects the whole ecosystem of application users, developers, content providers and distributors, network operators and device manufacturers. As for device fragmentation, we can refer to what J. E. Gir´on et al. have rightly put as